There are two diverse programming adaptations – Mac and Windows that works impeccably from your desktop or portable PC. Before recovering data Wondershare Dr.Fone offers record sneak peaks.Wondershare Dr.Fone keygen is desktop programming for iOS clients. For iPhone 4S and iPhone 5, you can similarly use the data recovery elective particularly from a fortification made by iTunes. Furthermore, you simply required to take after three simple advances. Wondershare Dr.Fone for iOS 8.6.0 Crack is widespread information recuperation programming for iOS devices.Now you simply survey the documents which is lost and after that recoup them by utilizing this. Then select the items and click Recover and then then click Save to save data on your computer. Once it finishes the scan, it will display results on your screen.You may get a Superuser authorization pop-up on your Windows, click on Allow.It will start scanning and analyzing the data on your device. Once you will choose a Mode to recover data, then Tap on start button.If standard mode fails to track data, then you can use advanced mode to recover the lost data.Among these two modes ‘Standard’ is considered better. There are two modes of data recovery available one is advanced and the second is Standard mode.And then it will begin to scan your device for lost data. Now you can choose the type of data you need to recover.
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You don’t get an upfront tax deduction, but your retirement withdrawals would be tax- and- penalty free, assuming you’ve met the 5-year aging rule and other conditions. 1 Alternatively, you could contribute to a Roth IRA or Roth 401(k). If you have access to a workplace plan such as a 401(k) or a traditional individual retirement account ( IRA) each dollar you contribute may reduce your annual taxable income. Deducting charitable contributions may be subject to AGI limits depending on the receiving charity and what you donated. However, this strategy requires having the financial capacity to pack more than a year’s worth of your contributions into a single year. Charitable contributions for several years made at once may allow the total of itemized deductions to exceed the standard deduction, making it possible to obtain a tax deduction for at least part of the charitable contributions. This strategy can work well when your total itemized deductions for a single year fall below the standard deduction. Bunching means concentrating deductions in a single year, then skipping one or even several years. Consider bunching deductions if you plan to itemize.Ensure you are using all the deductions you are eligible for. Any deductions you claim if you itemize could reduce your taxable income, which can push you into a lower tax bracket. You can potentially get into a lower tax bracket by reducing your taxable income for the year. Potential ways to get into a lower tax bracket It’s the rate you’ll pay on the amount of income that falls into the last bracket.įind the appropriate boxes listing the income thresholds for your taxable income and filing status to determine how much of your income you’ll pay in each bracket. Note: The top tax rate your income falls into is not the actual rate you’ll pay. The difference is your total taxable income. Subtract things like 401(k) contributions, HSA contributions, and health insurance premiums (all of these are already factored into your W-2, if you will receive one.) Then subtract the standard deduction, or deductions if you plan to itemize. Start by adding up all the income you’ve earned for the year that will be taxed, such as from salary, bonuses, tips, freelance income, alimony, and interest earnings. To figure out your tax bracket, first look at the rates for the filing status you plan to use: single, married filing jointly, married filing separately, or head of household. You can figure out what tax bracket you’re in using the tables published by the IRS (see tables above). How do you figure out what tax bracket you’re in? Heads of households who are unmarried but taking care of a child or other qualifying dependent.Married couples who each file a separate tax return.Married couples filing a single joint return together.The IRS uses different federal income tax brackets and ranges depending on filing status: The tax rates continue to increase as someone’s income moves into higher brackets. The next tax bracket is 12% of taxable income levels between $11,601 to $47,150. (Over a certain amount, your income is taxed no further.) The Internal Revenue Service adjusts federal income tax brackets annually to account for inflation, and the new brackets can help you estimate your tax obligation based on your income and filing status for the year.įor example, a hypothetical single filer would owe 10% on the first $11,600 of taxable income in 2024 whether that amount represents their total earnings, or they earn $1 million. As you earn more money, the additional income jumps to a higher bracket with a higher tax rate. All Rights Reserved.The US has a progressive tax system at the federal level with 7 tax brackets. For example, if Robin, a single filer, has a taxable income of $60,000, the first $9,875 would be taxed at 10% ($987.50 in tax owed), the next $30,250 would be taxed at 12% ($3,630 in tax owed), and the remaining $19,875 would be taxed at 22% ($4,372.50 in tax owed), for a total of $8,990 owed.Ĭopyright ©2024 Dow Jones & Company, Inc. The 10% rate takes effect at the first dollar of taxable income, after benefits such as the standard deduction are applied.Įach rate applies to the income in that bracket. The individual tax code has seven income-tax brackets that currently range from 10% to 37%. The income-tax brackets are adjusted annually for inflation.
In most cases, the car title transfer will be similar to a title transfer for a private sale.Ĭontact the IL SOS at (888) 261-7864 for specific information about title transfers for gifted vehicles. When you give or receive a vehicle as a gift, you must complete a car title transfer in order to transfer ownership of the vehicle. You must complete a vehicle title transfer when you gift, donate, or inherit a vehicle. Gifting, Donating, or Inheriting a Vehicle NOTE: If you do not have your vehicle title, you must apply for duplicate title in order to transfer ownership to a buyer. Complete a Seller's Report of Sale (Form VSD 703), which releases you from responsibility for the vehicle.You may be able to transfer the plates to your next vehicle.Remove the license plates before handing the car over to the buyer.Give the buyer the vehicle title with the “Assignment of Title" section completed, including:.If you sell your vehicle privately, you must: A completed Private Party Vehicle Tax Transaction (Form RUT-50), available at IL SOS offices.Next, apply for a car title transfer AND vehicle registration by submitting the following to the SOS: The “Assignment of Title" section filled out, including:.The vehicle identification number (VIN).Get the car title from the seller, making sure it has: When you buy an Illinois vehicle in a private sale, you'll handle the DMV title transfer yourself. When you buy a vehicle from a dealership, they'll submit your auto title transfer and registration paperwork to the IL SOS for you. The specific tasks of transferring a title in Illinois that you are responsible for differ based on whether you are purchasing a vehicle through a dealer, buying from a private party, or selling your car. Your current out-of-state registration.If you are leasing your car, you must also submit: Taxes, if applicable, made by separate payment payable to “Illinois Department of Revenue".Registration fee (varies by vehicle type).Form RUT-25 AND a bill of sale if you bought the vehicle from a dealer.Form RUT-50 if you bought the vehicle from a private seller private seller.A tax form (available from IL SOS offices) IF the vehicle has been registered for less than 3 months:.IF you have a lien held by an out-of-state lien holder, you must submit a copy of the loan agreement AND a copy of:.NOTE: Contact the IL SOS at (888) 261-7864 for acceptable documents. The names and addresses of lienholders (if applicable).The Application for Vehicle Transaction(s) (Form VSD 190).To apply for an IL title and registration, you'll need: You have 30 days to transfer your out-of-state title and register your vehicle with the Illinois Secretary of State (SOS) when you move to Illinois. Visit your local SOS office with the title, bill of sale (if applicable), and completed application form.Ĭontinue reading this page for further details.Obtain the title from the seller and have them sign it over to you.If your title is lost, duplicate titles can be obtained from the DMV.How to Transfer an Illinois Vehicle Title: The Illinois DMV requires a title to sell a vehicle. Can I Sell a Car in Illinois Without a Title? You can view our Illinois title examples to see where to sign and print your name specifically. Remember to always sign your title in blue or black ink. Print your name on the front of the title above “Printed Name(s) of Seller(s).” Sign on the front of the title on the lower left side where it is marked "Signature(s) of Seller(s)”. Where exactly do you sign it though? Where Do I Sign an Illinois Title? You just simply sign your Illinois title and print your name in specific area, and get ready to get cash for your car in Illinois. However, the Illinois DMV title transfer is simple and only requires that your printed name and signed name are the same on the title. When you decide you're finally selling a car in Illinois, you will have to go through the process of signing over a car title in Illinois to the car's buyer. Title Transfer Illinois The Illinois Car Title Transfer Process There are four cells called Foundations in the upper-right part of the board. After shuffling, a tableau is set up of a total of 52 cards, placed into eight columns row by row, so at the end first four rows contain seven cards and the last four contain six cards each. But for you to be able to do this there must be no empty columns (you can move any card of sequence to fill an empty column).Ī little more difficult free online solitaire, FreeCell (or Free Cell Solitaire) is played with one standard 52-card deck (no Joker). If you find yourself out of constructive moves you can click on the stock in the lower-right corner and deal a new card to every column on the tableau. In case you already have some emptied columns on the tableau you can also move any exposed card or same-suit descending sequence there. That's why it's always better to form sequences of the same suit if possible. You can also move a packed descending sequence of the same suit (they are highlighted for your convenience) as a group. You can move an exposed card to another column in the tableau if the movement creates a new continuous descending sequence (regardless of suit, so it's similar with Spider Solitaite 2 Suit, 1 Suit and 4 Suit). When all 104 cards are removed (as separate King to Ace sequences), you win the game. If a whole sequence is formed in one of the columns it is removed from the tableau completely. Your goal when playing Spider solitaire free online is to build stacks of cards on the tableau forming descending suit sequences (from King to Ace). The remaining cards are placed in the stock at the lower right of the layout (face down). In each column, all of the cards are placed face down except for the last one which is upturned. After shuffling, a tableau is set up of a total of 54 cards, placed into ten columns. There's also Spider Solitaire 2 Suit where two suits (e.g. One Suit Spider solitaire - also 104 cards but only one suit (e.g. But you can play solitaire online two other ways. This is called 4 Suit Spider solitaire and it's the most challenging variation. One of the moderately difficult solitaire games, Spider is played with two standard 52-card decks (no Jokers). So the aim of the Klondike free solitaire game is to eventually take apart all the tableau piles (and empty the stock) by transferring all cards into four stacks (called foundations) in the upper right part, each of the one suit, starting with Aces and ending with Kings. Once you emptied one of the piles completely you can start or move a new pile (or single card) here, starting with a King card. You can move a single card, a part of any pile or a complete pile on top of any other pile, but according to this rule - alternate colors and downwards order. Contrary to that the tableau piles are built down by alternate colors. Foundations are built up by suit, starting from Ace, then Two, Three and up to King. Your goal in free Klondike solitaire is to build the four foundations (in the rectangles in the upper right part). The remaining cards are placed in the stock at the upper left of the layout (face down). In each pile, all of the cards are placed face down except for the last one which is upturned. From left to right, each column contains one more card, so the first one contains just one card, the second one - two cards and so on. After shuffling, a tableau is set up with seven columns of cards. You play this free Klondike Solitaire with a standard 52-card deck (no Jokers). Probably the favorite free online solitaire among players. But as time has passed many CPUs require more 12 volt power and the 8 pin 12 volt cable is often used instead of a 4 pin 12 volt cable. This cable was originally created for workstations to provide 12 volts to power multiple CPUs. If you plug the two pieces of a 20+4 power cable together then you have a 24 pin power cable which can be plugged into a 24 pin motherboard. The 4 pin piece is not compatible with any other connectors. Be sure to leave the 4 pin piece unplugged even if it fits into another connector. If you leave the two pieces separate then you can plug the 20 pin piece into a 20 pin motherboard and leave the 4 pin piece unplugged. A 20+4 power cable has two pieces: a 20 pin piece, and a 4 pin piece. Many power supplies come with a 20+4 cable which is compatible with both 20 and 24 pin motherboards. Motherboards can come with either a 20 pin main power connector or a 24 pin main power connector. It's better to first see if you can get a 24 pin cable to fit into a 20 pin motherboard before resorting to an adapter. Adapters also slightly increase the voltage drop which is something worth avoiding. But you should avoid using that kind of adapter if you can because the extra wire and connector are just more things which can go wrong. The 24 pin cable plugs into one end of the adapter and then the adapter plugs into the 20 pin motherboard. If you can't get them to fit together then you can get an adapter cable which will make it work. You can solve that problem by carefully shaving down one end of the 20 pin motherboard connector. Or sometimes the end of the 20 pin motherboard connector is too thick to fit between the pins of the 24 pin cable. The only problem you can bump into (literally) is if there is something blocking the spot where the 24 pin cable hangs over the end. But it's okay to leave those 4 pins disconnected because a motherboard with a 20 pin connector doesn't need them. The extra 4 pins were added to the 24 pin version of the cable to provide one extra wire for ground, 3.3, 5, and 12 volts. The 24 pin cable only fits into a 20 pin socket at one end so you can't plug it in incorrectly. The extra 4 pins on the cable just hang over the end of the motherboard connector. You can see an example in the picture above. If you have an ATX power supply with a 24 pin main cable, it's okay to plug it into a motherboard with a 20 pin connector. Unofficial cable/connector maximum wattage delivery for main rails Most newer power supplies don't provide -5 volts in which case the white wire is missing. Newer motherboards virtually never require -5 volts but many older motherboards do. The -5 volt line on pin 20 was made optional in ATX12V 1.3 (introduced in 2003) because -5 had been rarely used for years. These are pretty common on the 3.3 volt line in pin 13 but are sometimes used for other voltages too. Some of the voltage lines on the connector may have smaller sense wires which allow the power supply to sense what voltage is actually seen by the motherboard. The 24 pin connector is polarized so it can only be plugged in pointing in the correct direction. The extra pins made the auxiliary power cable unnecessary so most ATX12V 2.x power supplies don't have them. The new 24 pin connector added one line apiece for ground, 3.3, 5, and 12 volts. The older 20 pin main power cable only has one 12 volt line. The 24 pin main power connector was added in ATX12V 2.0 to provide extra power needed by PCI Express slots. MXMag Gigabit Ethernet 8 Core Non-PoE Single-Port RJ45 Connector, 21.40mm Depth, 3.Standard 4.2mm Pitch ATX Header Connector Datasheet MagJack, Mag Jack, Magnetic Jack, MagJacks, Mag Jacks, Magnetic Jacks, Mag-Jack MXMag Gigabit Ethernet 8 Core Non-PoE Single-Port RJ45 Connector, 21.40mm Depth, 3.30mm Phy Pin Length, Right-Angle, Standard Profile, with Shield Tabs, with Green/Yellow-Green/Yellow LEDs, Standard Temperature, with 2kV Shield Connection, Tray He was sentenced to 31 years to life, imprisonment. Nevertheless, he was arrested in April 2006, despite his effort to change his identity.įurthermore, the court trial lasted for a year, or until Trino was declared guilty of sexual abuse. He changed his identity and began a life in Riverside County. After lodging a case, he was summoned by the court, but he fled and was marked as a fugitive. Upon hearing about the terrible news, Jenni immediately filed a complaint against her ex-husband. His sister-in-law confessed about his hideous act in 1997. He sexually abused his ex-wife’s sister, Rosie, and also molested his daughters. The vicious crime committed by Trino was discovered after many years. In 1997, after the divorce, Jenni found out that Trino had sexually abused their two daughters and her sister, Rosie. Reports indicated that Jenni filed for divorce because of the mental, emotional, and physical abuse that Trino has caused her. However, not all love stories end like a fairytale. All of their children are successful in their chosen careers. Over the years, the couple had three children, their firstborn, Chiquis, their second child, Jacqueline, and their only son, Michael. She gave birth to their first daughter, Chiquis Rivera, in 1985. In the same year, Jenni was pregnant with their first baby while still in high school. Trino was 20 years old, and Jenni was 15 when they tied the knot in 1984. At first, Jenni disagreed, and this made Trino physically abusive towards his wife. He started to earn sufficient money when he was hired as a manager in a restaurant.ĭuring this time, he suggested that Jenni stay at home to take care of their children, rather than going to college. In the initial phase of his romance with Jenni, Trino did various jobs. There is not much information about the couple’s married life, as both of them are very discreet. Trino Marin’s name became prominent in the media after his marriage to Jenni Rivera, who was a famous singer-songwriter. He was in high school when he first met his ex-wife, Jenni Rivera. He was born and raised in Mexico and moved to the United States (the year was not disclosed) with his family. José Trinidad Marín is an American Mexican and was born on the 15th of February 1964. And you need only perform the command one time, and the created link will remain there, forever, or until you choose to delete it. The command line utility that performs this function is called "junction.exe"īasically, once you use junction to create the link, then any access (reading or writing) will be redirected to the destination that you had set-up via the junction command. Hi Sue, if you are comfortable using Windows' command prompt, you could create a soft link, which would redirect any and all files from directory "A" to directory "B" (and directory "B" could be on the same drive as "A", or it can be on any other drive on you PC - even an external USB drive or a network drive, as long as it has a drive letter). As opposed to copying to the Library.Įverything linked to the library will be nothing more than a Tiny bit of data in a XML file stored in the Library's folder. Here's what media properties look like once you've linked content to the library. It's what you add to library that makes it unmanageable for small SSD's to handle. You can keep or delete what you want of it. That would be a lot of work, but it's doable. Then import all the assets and add them to the timeline.Add them to the Library and name them one by one. Unzip it to the other drive by changing the file extension to. You could even export the entire Library. You will need "Link To Content" as the default setting in preferences. before importing it into Camtasia's media bin. You want it to be stored on another drive "First". However, there is a way to still build a sizable library and keep it's file size under control. Camtasia won't know where to find it.It's not built to work that way. You cannot move the Library folder to another drive. was just hoping it had been worked out since I am now almost out of space. I know this is a known issue from previous versions. I have been with Camtasia for years and own both versions of MAC and Windows (SNAGIT and Camtasia). Is there some registry setting I could use? Some Config file? Some DLL? I have successfully moved the RECORDING files to D drives but these other two areas I could not figure it out. How can I take full advantage of your great program with both of these great "Features" on my soon-to-be-full drive? I need some way to move that directory to the D Drive. In addition, the auto-saves folder is also on C and so have two areas that will grow. I had to install Camtasia 9 and imported my Camtasia 8 media library files into 9 which is ALL on the C drive (the Media file is located on my C drive under "ProgramData"). Sirs, I have small C "SSD" drive just for "application" installs and large D drive for all other GROWING folders. If that's done, it'll be a lot easier for individual contributors to do an outfit or an accessory here and there and bit by bit make the generator grow. etc.īut first I'd have to find someone to get the SV template done. Splitting clothing into top & bottom parts for mixing & merging, added accessories, emotions on character & faceset, possibly laying a foundation of basic poses that can be added via a posing sheet, etc. I also made two male faces based on RTP face 01, for more anime-like jaw. The hair would work for both male and female. Tested MV DLCs: Add-on Vol. I finally have access to all DLC packs and have compiled a list of problems when importing them, as well as what to do to resolve them. For RPG Maker MZ, see the update section below. That would be enough to start a solid base that can be added to.Į.g. I made some parts for the generator and I would like to share them As a low ponytail lover, I found it disappointing for not having a low ponytail hairstyle in the generator. NOTE: first section of this post is specifically for RPG Maker MV and MV-compatible generator DLCs. Also there are other things that I want to. My problem is I have a mermaid avatar and the character generator doesn't have a body type for a mermaid. Provide Faceset/Character Sprite/Sideview Battler for tall male & female characters nude + 5-10 Clothing Outfits. I would like to make sprites of my character that I already made, that means I already have the avatar and I just need to make their sprites look like them. Define the Layers (I've pretty much already done that for advanced layering, but I'm open to suggestions) Defining the template appearance for Male & Female If I can find someone to get the SV templates done and do a few of the characters, we could have the project start small: The editing of characters is something that can be learnt quickly, the facesets are a bit more complicated (because you need to realize that while character sprites are straight up direct pixel art, facesets use anti-aliasing in order to convey smoother lines & allow easier color transitions when multiple layers of clothing blend over each other) Probably the one thing that's lacking the most is someone who can help with the SV battler sprites. There's even 2.5d stuff among the DLCs, but for some reason, they don't hire or contract people who'd do tall sprites. Those interested in helping, suggesting things, or watching, can join the discord:Ĭlick to expand.I've got no reasonable explanation for it either. K2loid and I have begun working on the foundation of tall generators in facesets, charsets & battler. Is the Dark Fantasy style even liked enough, or do most people just prefer to do chibi characters? Is there an interest in creating a foundation for tall characters in RMV/RMZ? The question is, are there enough people who'd be interested in contributing? _ Default RMV _ Dark Fantasy _ TAB Slim Head _ the TAB character and the slimhead TAB character (head size slightly smaller): Maker free- all latest and older Get Female Body Parts in Salt Lake City, Kolkata. Here's a brief comparison of default RMC generator vs. First, lets go to the Character Generators folder in the RPG Maker MV. It's going to allow capabilities far, far exceeding the default generator in every way - and opening up previously impossible things. Schlangan's currently overhauling his extended generator, adding a lot of features & making everything simpler.So at least as far as character sprites are concerned, a lot of progress already exists. In the past, I've worked on the TAB ( Tall Adult Body) Project, which does exactly that - but primarily for character sprites, only some facesets, and no sideview battlers.If you do own MV, I know where to get a bunch of community made generator parts, which are really as good as the official ones. If I do eventually rename them, I must admit, I dont know how to. Ive added c-sheets, and turned the hair blonde for those who would like to use them in the generator. It is unlikely they will ever get an sv sheet or a tvd sheet. But if you make characters in MV, and in MZ, they look perfectly fine next to each other. Im making these because clothes are very difficult to adjust. Is it possible to get enough spriter to collaborate in order to creator a generator for MZ (and MV) that allows users to create sprites/facesets/battlers like with the editor's generator, only better? You can NOT combine the MV generator parts with the MZ parts. MV may need to be restarted for it to register.So I've been wrestling with this idea for a while now.
I'd be willing to play around with it and pull most of the data out of the windows drivers so that we can get some kind of working solution out of this if some ubuntu guru would be so inclined. Anyways, one of my buddies at work said that he used to know a guy who would create their own simple Linux drivers. I work in IT and I have some experience with pearl scripting, but most of my scripting experience is in windows. Anyways, I have the install disk with all the windows versions of the drivers. Rocketfish Customer Care included their email address just in case anyone wanted to flame them. Or you can call our Rocketfish Customer supportįor faster and better assistance you can provide the agent with your case I am sorry I cannot give you the answer you were looking for, but if you haveĪny other question or concern, you can always send us an e-mail, and we will Therefore, we cannot provide you with a driver or settings toīuilt one to make the sound card compatible with your OS. Windows and Mac OS X Operating System, but unfortunately they are not meant to Regarding your question, let me tell you that our products only support Volume of e-mails than expected, I hope you can understand. First ofĪll let me apologize for the delay of my answer, we are experiencing a higher This is Brenda Camargo, part of the Rocketfish Customer Care Team. I opened a ticket with rocketfish and this is what they said: I am currently running 10.04 LTS with the latest version of alsa installed and it still does not work. i am very interested in.I have a rocketfish model RF-51SDCD. If anyone reading this finds a good wireless keyboard that doesnt delay, and a mouth that doesnt delay.(my biggest concern). Which is kinda silly considering i coulda got a better one that wont cough up on me. I dont know about you but i thinki paid 100 bucks for the pair so thats only 25 bucks a year. The products werent meant to be used long term(2-3 years) for extensive use. and my mouse keeps dieing off too.Īlso, after researching these products more, i found that alot of people experienced similar problems with them, Being delays and mouse failure. IE the media buttons, and web browsing features. Is a way around the delays but it disables all the options on your keyboard. Lately though, i have been looking into getting a wired mouse and keyboard becuase of the delays and sleep time i have with my current keyboard(rocketfish). It, and unplugging the dongle and working with it. and i didnt try anything special, i just kept trying to pair and the keyboard was a struggle to pair with the windows 7 64 bit. My friend, i have both, the bluetooth mouse and keyboard here that your talking about. I even tried uninstalling, removing, rebooting, then using a different usb port and still nothing. Mouse and other bluetooth (like cell phones) work just fine. I also have tried downloading the latest drivers from the broadcom site and still nothing. I have tried removing the drivers, installing the old ones from the cd, and letting it upgrade and it always says that the drivers I have are current. Basically it finds the keyboard, but will not connect. Even though it stays at that, the window does not lock up, I can click cancel and immediately close it at any time. When I got to connect it just says "Connecting to device." and sits there, eventually the keyboard stops being discoverable. It finds it as either "Rocketfish Bluetooth Keyboard" or just "Bluetooth Keyboard", which seems to be random. I press the connect button on the keyboard, then go to add device and it finds the keyboard. I switched over from Windows 7 32-bit to 64-bit and I can't use my keyboard. Historically, such measurements have been obtained by using a protractor on radiographs. Measuring cervical alignment in multiple positions is important in evaluating pathology and planning surgery 4. Similar content being viewed by othersĬervical alignment, an important clinical parameter in spine disorders, is associated with deformity, myelopathy, adjacent-segment disease, horizontal gaze, and health-related quality of life 1, 2, 3. However, because of the large errors in rare cases such as highly deformed ones, AI may, in principle, be limited to assisting humans. AI can assist in routine medical care and can be helpful in research that measures large numbers of images. The AI model measured cervical spine alignment with better accuracy than surgeons. The AI model had a significantly smaller error than Surgeon 1 and Surgeon 2 (P = 0.002 and 0.036). For comparison of other surgeons, the mean absolute error for measurement of 168 patients was 3.1° ± 3.4° for the AI model, 3.9° ± 3.4° for Surgeon 1, and 3.8° ± 4.7° for Surgeon 2. In fivefold cross-validation, the absolute error of the AI model was 3.3° in the average and 2.2° in the median. Additionally, the absolute error of AI measurements was compared with the error of other 2 surgeons’ measurements on 415 radiographs of 168 randomly selected patients. The absolute error of the AI measurements relative to the ground truth for 4546 x-rays was determined by fivefold cross-validation. This ground truth was split into training data and test data, and the AI model learned the training data. For all x-rays, the caudal endplates of C2 and C7 were labeled based on consensus among well-experienced spine surgeons, the data for which were used as ground truth. We included 4546 cervical x-rays from 1674 patients. This study aimed to develop AI for automated measurement of lordosis on lateral cervical x-rays. Artificial intelligence (AI) in the form of convolutional neural networks has begun to be used to measure x-rays. Manual measurement is time-consuming and burdensome to measurers. Cervical sagittal alignment is an essential parameter for the evaluation of spine disorders. |
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